Plato s Theory Of Education Essay - 2036 Words

Plato enunciated his theory of education in The Republic that knowledge would allow the person to be guided towards the right desires and would lead to understanding the distinction between forms and appearances with use of the allegory of the cave. He continued his point by explaining how this distinction was prevalent in the study of mathematics, which he considered to be a prerequisite for studying philosophy, and using the knowledge gained to understand complex ideas such as what justice meant. Although this belief also explained how a society was able to achieve one of the four virtues and ultimately reach harmony, it was scrutinized by fellow brilliant minds such as the sophist Thrasymachus, who challenged his theory of justice by stating that it was made to benefit the guardian class and did not attempt to make it fair for the members of the auxiliary or producer class. Plato’s teacher, Socrates, attempted to refute the sophist’s claim in regards to justice, but was unable to provide a satisfactory response to his argument meaning that it was a flawed idea. The philosopher established the framework for his theory of education in Book VII, where he used the allegory of the cave to explain his distinction between forms and appearances. In the allegory, Plato explained how appearances were a given through sight, but forms were ideas constructed from education used to describe what was being seen. He provided the example of a group of men chained inside a cave using theirShow MoreRelatedJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 Pagesfor people. (Oxford Dictionary, â€Å"Justice†) Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered. However, justice is polymorphic; depending on eras and civilizations also differing in every culture. Although there some principles of justice that can be found to be almost universal. An early theory of justice was set out by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic. Plato was highly dissatisfied with the prevailing degene rating conditions in Athens. TheRead MorePlato, An Ancient Greek Philosopher1458 Words   |  6 Pages Plato, an Ancient Greek Philosopher by Carly Rittenmeyer Bible and the Ancient World Spring 2015 Plato, a Greek Philosopher, is known for his writings that impacted people in the Ancient Greek society. He was a free thinker and lived in a free city, Athens. He was taught by multiple teachers including Socrates who was frequently mentioned in his writings as the central character. Plato’s novel, The Republic, influenced the idea of government and showsRead MoreSocrates s Quest Of Truth1337 Words   |  6 PagesBorn in Athens in 437 B.C, Greek philosopher Plato is one of the most powerful thinkers in history. Coming from Greek aristocracy, Plato had political ambitions as a young man and appeared to follow the family tradition. However, Socrates and his dialectical method of inquiry, which was to question and answer everything to show ignorance, soon captivated Plato. Socrates spent most of his time in the streets and marketplace of Athens, approaching people like the sophist and other powerful leadersRead MoreAnalysis Of Aristotle s The Golden Mean 1109 Words   |  5 Pageswas a student of Plato, as well as founded/ taught at several academies. He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, logic, politics, government, and ethics. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in existence during his time, and he was the founder of many new fields. Aristotle was one of the most influential of the ancient Greek philosophers. Aristotle s theory of the Golden Mean was found in his work, Nicomachean Ethics. This theory has also been expressedRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership And Leadership1356 Words   |  6 Pagescomposed vast amount of literature on leader and leadership. Leadership is a broad term, open to interpretation. Leadership development begins with the simple realization that you want to be a leader. This literature review examines and evaluates major theories of leadership and summarizes findings from empirical research on leadership. Discuss the concept of leadership with a particular focus on the role leadership, such as collegiate organization. This literature will conclude with recommendation to enhanceRead More Machiavelli And Plato Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesscholars due to the ambiguity of his analogy of the amp;#8216;Nature of Politics; and the implication of morality. The Prince, has been criticised due to itamp;#8217;s seemingly amoral political suggestiveness, however a fter further scrutiny of other works such as The Discourses, one can argue that it was Machiavelliamp;#8217;s intention to infact imply a positive political morality. Therefore the question needs to be posed. Is Machiavelli a political amoralist? To successfully answer this itRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s, Allegory of the cave, a key theory I found was the importance of education. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging forms† (104) Based on my research of the republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes, ordinary mortals are chained within an underground chamber, which according to Fiero, represents the psyche imprisoned within the human body. These mortals can’t lookRead MoreStudent Teacher1669 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents by shaping their rational and moral virtues and hence, play an impor tant role in molding the society as a whole. The education system of ancient India and Greece shared some common characteristics. In both cultures, teachers and their disciples conglomerated at specific places earmarked for educational purposes. This is where students gained both spiritual and material education from their teachers. All ancient societies functioned according to a set of moral codes and social hierarchy and teachersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Sun, Line, And Cave 1163 Words   |  5 PagesVictoria McAlister Professor Talcott Ancient Philosophy 5 December 2014 Consistency in the Sun, Line, and Cave Plato’s theory of the Forms showcases that acquiring knowledge involves turning away from the world of senses and moving towards the Forms/world of intellect. Within Plato’s Republic there are three analogies: the sun, line, and cave, which are intended to clarify how things experienced in the sensible world are less real than the Forms. All three analogies are consistent through theirRead MoreAristotle s Contributions Of Aristotle931 Words   |  4 PagesKing Amyntas of Macedonia. It is believed that Aristotle s ancestors had been the physicians of the Macedonian royal family for several generations. Having come from a long line of physicians, Aristotle received training and education that inclined his mind toward the study of natural phenomena. This education had long-lasting influences, and was probably the root cause of his less idealistic stand on philosophy as opposed to Plato. Aristotle s father died when he was a boy, and Aristotle was left

Jet Blue Case Analysis - 1001 Words

Jetblue Case Analysis Jetblue set out to provide its customers with a great airlines experience. Neeleman’s goal was to provide customers with â€Å"the types of amenities reserved for the pricier carriers, including wider seats †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and 24 channels of in-flight television† ( Case study pg 400) One of Jetblue and Neeleman’s biggest challenges was to keep offering all these amenities while still competing with the big carriers by keeping their prices 50 to 60 percent lower on the same routes. As they grew and hired more employees they found it harder to maintain the same level of customer service across the board. Also other carriers began to compete with them in the lowprice arena. These bigger airlines had more planes and employees to they†¦show more content†¦JetBlue announced it would spend $20 to $30 million in effort to appease thousands of stranded customers that were affected. The Bill of Rights works by offering vouchers to customers who experience delayed f lights while flying with JetBlue. $25 for flights delayed one to two hours and up to a free round trip ticket for flights delayed up to 6 hours. Will the Customer’s Bill of Rights work in recovering the image JetBlue has tried so hard to create? In my opinion, yes I do think it will. Angry customers who had to deal with the delays on the initial happening will be provided an entire free ticket, and customers who deal with this in the future will be provided with vouchers or tickets as well. What else can an airline company do, errors happen and some may be out of the company’s control. The company must deal with how the error is handled and that is exactly what JetBlue is doing. Several actions and guidelines should be followed by JetBlue in order to insure the companies viability and future success. The launch of the Cutover’s Bill or Rights was a good step in the right direction, but company executives must work closely with their public affairs team to raise its awareness. JetBlue executives must also work with marketing executives to promote the Customer Bill of Rights with large stakeholder groups and already existing customers. JetBlue executives must support this bill of rights 100% in order to restore the company’s image. This means followingShow MoreRelatedJet Blue Case Analysis1316 Words   |  6 PagesJet Blue Case Part 1 Analysis: Financial Analysis- JetBlue, despite the hard times facing the airline industry, is doing well in comparison to its competitors. It is a much smaller company earning as much as $18 million less than its competitors in operating revenues (American had the most at 20,657 million and JetBlue had 1,701 million). However, with that being said, it is the only leading airline to show an operating profit besides Southwest. Does this mean JetBlue was successful? Read MorePotential Analysis of Jet Blue: A Case Study747 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Part 1 Overview and Fiscal Analysis - One of the prime examples of the new paradigm in the airline industry is Jet Blue, an American low-cost, no-frills airline. Its main base is JFK international airport in Queens, NY. The airlines main destinations are U.S. hubs, flights to the Caribbean and Bahamas, and some to Central and South America. It is a non-union airline with a fleet of just under 200 craft, with another 50 ordered. The primary strategy for Jet Blue i s the customer value propositionRead MoreFinancial Statement Analysis Of Jet Blue Airways Corporation Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesStatement Analysis – Jet Blue Airways Corporation (JBLU) Summary of the Company Jet Blue Airways Corporation, a passenger transportation company that provides â€Å"93 destinations in 28 states in the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 19 countries in the Caribbean and Latin America† (Yahoo Finance). Jet Blue Airways Corporation is based in Long Island City, New York. Financial Ratio Analysis After computing the current ratio of Jet BlueRead MoreFinancial Ratios Of The Airline Company Jet Blue And What Ratios Mean For That Business Moving Forward996 Words   |  4 Pagesairline company Jet Blue and what the ratios mean for that business moving forward. The computation and interpretation of financial ratios assist managers in managing debt assets, assess liquidity, profitability and market performance. Those ratios include: a) Return on Assets b) Return on Equity c) Return on Capital d) Gross Margin e) SGA Margin f) Current Ratio g) Quick Ratio h) Total Debt/Equity i) Total Revenue j) Gross Profit Finance and Operations: Jet Blue FinancialRead MoreFactors Affecting the Airline Industry1510 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand or success of its operations. In most cases, the airline industry and market seems to be extremely competitive because of the increase in the number of airlines and flight schedules. Airlines in this industry gain competitive advantages over their rivals through differentiation of their services from that of their competitors. One of the major aspects that help airlines to gain competitive advantages is through conducting a positioning analysis in order to understand the perceptions and expectationsRead MoreSwot Analysis : Southwest Airlines1285 Words   |  6 PagesDallas, Texas. This paper will reflect and analyze the current situation of Southwest and the rest of the airline business by using the PESTEL analysis, value chain analysis, and the ROS, which will compare them to their competitors such as Jet Blue, Delta, and American airlines. In analyzing the airline industry, the first framework to use is the PESTEL analysis, which assesses the strategic relevance of the six principal components. Only a few of the components are a deciding factor in the airlineRead MoreSwot Analysis of Jet Blue1639 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT ANALYSIS Strengths JetBlue find its strength from the following: Strong Brand JetBlue is considered as a strong brand widely known among the people of US. JetBlue was named the  number  one U.S.  domestic  airline by Coned Nast Traveler magazine’s â€Å"Readers’ Choice Awards† for the six years in a row. This further strengthen people’s trust to JetBlue and improves the company’s brand name and credibility among its clients and competitors. Unique flying experience JetBlue offers a new flying experienceRead MoreSwot Analysis : Southwest Airlines1305 Words   |  6 Pagesworld s largest low-cost carrier. The airline was created by Herb Kelleher in 1967. Their headquarters are in Dallas, Texas. By using the PESTEL analysis, Value Chain Analysis, and the Return Of Sales (ROS), I will analyze Southwest. It will compare them to their competitors such as Jet Blue, Delta, and American Airlines. In using the PESTEL analysis, only half of the components are a deciding factor in the airline industry. They are the political, economical, and technological factors. First,Read MoreAirline Business : Jet Blue Airways2095 Words   |  9 Pages Phase 2 Industry Jet Blue Airways is a part of the transportation industry, specifically the airline business. Air travel remains a large and growing industry. It facilitates economic growth, world trade, international investment and tourism and is therefore central to the globalization taking place in many other industries. The commercial aviation industry in the United States alone has grown dramatically since the end of World War II. In the past decade, air travel has become more and more popularRead MoreJetBlue case analysis3419 Words   |  14 Pagesexternal environment of JetBlue airways we will use the PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environment and Legal analysis†. Political Factors How and to what extent the government does intervenes in the economy. Political factors can be tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors that are found in the JetBlue case are: Government monitors the airline industry more scrupulously

Dion Lee Free Essays

Sydney born Dion Lee is a 24 year old successful Australian born high end textile fashion designer who creates clear-cut, structured and tailored to perfection garments to create a perfect silhouette for the woman wearing his designs. He is one of the fashion industries youngest well known designers. Dion is inspired by the construction of clothing. We will write a custom essay sample on Dion Lee or any similar topic only for you Order Now He likes edge cutting garments which are extremely functional created with the combination of traditional tailoring techniques and modern concepts and techniques. His designs cater working class women who look for the smart casual look which is accomplished with the designer’s sharp blazers and also girls who are looking for a chic cocktail frock. Fashion designer Dion Lee launched his debut collection in 2008 and quickly cemented his status as one of Australia’s leading talents. Best known for his translation of architecture and science into â€Å"relaxed sophistication† Dion now attracts global attention, but still calls Sydney home. Believing that Sydney style reflects the physical landscape and its trans seasonal climate, Dion effortlessly designs collections balancing proportion and silhouette to create structures that â€Å"link the environment and the body†. â€Å"I design for a certain kind of contemporary feminine identity, there is a very strong connection within that kind of woman being Australian,† says Dion. With origami like precision, his work is an articulation of engineered construction and detailed resolution, running parallels between architecture and fashion with â€Å"the ability to draw something on a two dimensional level and materialising it on a three dimensional sensory level†. This season is no different. Utilising proportion, volume, texture and his signature prints, his current collection which recently debuted in the UK, is the perfect balance of structure and fluidity. Taking inspiration from the collaborations he seeks, Dion has previously joined forces with Cue Clothing to release his own collection and most recently worked with Kanye West and Fashion Editor of Harper’s Bazaar Christine Centenera on his London show, supported by a short film he created with Australian Director Lorin Askill. If it’s possible to balance complexity with simplicity, Dion Lee achieves this in volumes. An achievement that puts him on the â€Å"watch list†, a status that Sydney and the world will be monitoring. Check out Dion Lee’s collection at Westfield, David Jones and Incu. How to cite Dion Lee, Essay examples

Outline and Evaluate Research Into Privation free essay sample

AO1 Privation is when a child has the right to form an attachment to a primary care giver taken away from them; the option to make these crucial attachments isn’t there. If Bowlby’s theory is correct, then because of this inability to form attachments, infants should grow up struggling to form relationships and attachments to anyone else. AO1 P: Evidence looking at the effects of privation comes from the case of Genie. E: She was 13 years old when she was found, after spending her entire life up until that point, locked in a room. Her father subjected her to this cruelty because he suspected she was retarded. When she was found she was unable to speak or stand properly. E: She never fully recovered socially after she was discovered and it was reported that she showed a disinterest in other people. This lack of recovery is support for Bowlby’s theory, in that because she failed to form attachments this affected her relationships and she grew up. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate Research Into Privation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page AO2 P; Although this case study is high in ecological validity it is also low in population validity. E: This means that the findings from Genies case aren’t viable to be generalised to the entire population. Her circumstances were unique and other factors were involved such as her retardation. We don’t know whether genie was retarded before her father locked her away, but if she was, E: her condition would’ve meant her ability to form attachments may be different to others even if her upbringing had been normal and the primary attachment made. AO1 P: Another study that researches into privation is the Czech twins; however the results were different from that of Genie . E: The Czech twins spent the first 7 years of their lives locked up by their stepmother. When discovered they couldn’t talk but by the age of 14, spending 7 years in the care of someone else, they displayed near normal social and intellectual functioning. E: Like genie, the chance to form an attachment to a primary care giver was taken away, however the twins grew up to lead fairly normal lives with the ability to form attachments to others. AO2 P: The criticism for Bowlby’s theory in this study comes from that fact that the twins grew up to lead full lives with several attachments, even though they had missed the critical period. E: However, Bowlby argues that the only reason the twins were able to recover so successfully was because throughout their traumatic experience they had each other, whereas Genie was alone. : E: The twins formed their primary attachment to each other and therefore weren’t completely alone. AO1 P: One of the most well controlled studies into privation was the longitudinal study carried out by Hodges and Tizard. They assessed 65 children at regular intervals up until they were 16. E: The children had been institutionalized, during the critical period and did not have the opportunity to develop an attachment. These children showed problems with peers, they were more quarrelsome and more attention seeking. 70% of them showed an inability to care deeply for anyone. E: This supports Bowlby’s theory that the failure to form attachments during the critical period has AO2 P: It has been argued that a weakness in Hodge and Tizard’s study is difference between the rate of recovering from adopted children to those restored to their natural parents E: It has been suggested that the parents may not have invested as much emotional time into their children and this is why they did not develop a strong attachment. As the children were taken away from the parents there would have been abuse issues and that these may have caused the children to have difficulties later in life. E: It is difficult therefore to determine why children do not become attached and there may be various resource out-with being deprived of a primary care giver during childhood. AO1: P: Rutter et al also conducted an experiment into privation. A group of about 100 Romanian orphans were studied and assessed at the ages of 4, 6 and 11 years old. They were adopted by British families and showed normal emotional development; however after 6 months many of them showed disinhibited attachment (where infants can show overfriendliness and don’t discriminate between who they choose as attachment figures) and problems with peers. This supports Bowlby’s theory, because of the lack of a primary attachment figure and its effect on later relationships and attachments. However, when compared to an entire population its difficult to generalise these results and apply them as a general trend.

Political Parties Goal And Interest Group Goals Essays -

Political Parties Goal And Interest Group Goals One of the Democrats goals is to support abortion rights as a fundamental constitutional liberty for all women. Second, they also oppose eliminating the affirmative action program. Third, they support balancing the budget by 2012. Furthermore, the Demarcate party endorses more charter school and more public school choices. However they do not support issuing vouchers for private school. Therefore, The National Education Association (NEA) interest group does have the same goals as the Demarcate party because they think that voucher would not help the Public School system. The NEA is supporting other programs like smaller class size of 15 students. On environmental issues the Democrats supports tax credits to preserve open spaces and create parks and to improve water quality. The Greenpeace an independent campaigning organization is suggestion that action is taken regarding genetically engineered food. I think this interest groups listed about try to influence public policy as a way to protect or advance their groups issues. I think sometimes their issues are to intense or to narrow to really impact all citizens. The Republican goal is to oppose abortion rights because the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life. They also feel that affirmative would be achieving equality on the job by stressing equal opportunity without quotas or other preferential treatment. They support a constitutional amendment to require a balance budget. On education would like parents to take a share of federal education money to a school of their choice. The American Federation of Teachers (AFT) also supports focuses on academic achievement, student behavior and smaller classes. So the Republican get little support from educational interest group whose common causes is listed above. On the environmental issues the Republican would allow oil exploration in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. So his support from Sierra Club grassroot organization would like be very unfavorable because this interest group has six policy research organizations and focuses on ecosystem. The Green party goals are ecological wisdom to recognize the Earth sustains all life, social justice by replacing the system of poverty and injustice with a world free of oppression. Futhermore the Green party supports decentralization by restored power to local communities within an overall framework of grassroot democracy and socially. Therefore, the Sierra Club and the Greenpeace interest groups would self interest from this groups. The Reform Party would like to establish responsibility and accountability in government at all levels and to defeat special interests which harm the interests of the people. Furthermore the Reform Party seek to reform, not abolish, our system of government. Campaigns finance reform to stop the influence of financial interests often to the detriment of the democratic process because campaigns are Too Long and Cost Too Much. Reform party suggested that campaigning has become a billion dollar industry. That ordinary citizens and their interests have been lost. Legislation flows from the participation of professional and public agency lobbyists in the legislative process. These lobbyists give gifts, albeit limited by law, to lawmakers to curry favorable relationships. 7. BUDGET REFORM: Starting from Zero All agency budgets should be zero-based, requiring each proposed expenditure to be specified to meet the intended benefit of the proposed expenditure. Taxpayers for Common Sense are an independent taxpayer organization that works to cut government waste by reaching out to taxpayers from all political perspectives. TCS seeks to transcend ideological and partisan differences to build support for common sense reforms. TCS was formed to serve the many Americans who believe that their government can cost less and make more sense. Bibliography http:/wysiwyg//Answer Frame Political Science

Free Essays on Final Anthropology Essay

Anthropology Final Exam Essay One This course has provided interesting field studies of cultures that are drastically different than what I would consider â€Å"everyday life.† Anthropology examines not only who we are as a people, but also, importantly, who we were as a people. The studies of past cultures is a good place to start to answer questions about societies and cultures today, and to bridge together the gap between the past and present, and maybe even predict where we are headed in the future. Anthropology spans millions of generations, examining the physical and cultural characteristics of humankind. Often the artifacts recovered from a past civilization can tell us a great deal about how those people lived, their level of technology, their patterns of subsistance, and so on. Anthropology uses methods and tools from multiple scientific disciplines, such as the scientific method which allows the testing of falsifiable hypotheses. This approach seems to be a strong ba sis for many of the different areas of anthropology, namely archeology, ethnology, and linguistics. I had thought that male dominance and superiority (â€Å"man the hunter† model) was a highly conserved cultural characteristic in past societies, and even in many â€Å"less developed† areas of the world today. I was surprised by the case studies of the !Kung San (traditional foraging society, not sedentary), in which females were just as important as males in their culture. !Kung women controlled the food that they gathered, as well as any meat that was obtained through use of an arrow crafted by them. In a food foraging society, controlling the distribution of food is a definite sign of power. Digs have uncovered many clues about the origin of man, and how we can more accurately trace our lineage back to a common ancestor. I was unaware of the Austrolopithicus species, and thought that Lucy belonged to Homo. It is interesting to examine how the mechanisms of evolution. .. Free Essays on Final Anthropology Essay Free Essays on Final Anthropology Essay Anthropology Final Exam Essay One This course has provided interesting field studies of cultures that are drastically different than what I would consider â€Å"everyday life.† Anthropology examines not only who we are as a people, but also, importantly, who we were as a people. The studies of past cultures is a good place to start to answer questions about societies and cultures today, and to bridge together the gap between the past and present, and maybe even predict where we are headed in the future. Anthropology spans millions of generations, examining the physical and cultural characteristics of humankind. Often the artifacts recovered from a past civilization can tell us a great deal about how those people lived, their level of technology, their patterns of subsistance, and so on. Anthropology uses methods and tools from multiple scientific disciplines, such as the scientific method which allows the testing of falsifiable hypotheses. This approach seems to be a strong ba sis for many of the different areas of anthropology, namely archeology, ethnology, and linguistics. I had thought that male dominance and superiority (â€Å"man the hunter† model) was a highly conserved cultural characteristic in past societies, and even in many â€Å"less developed† areas of the world today. I was surprised by the case studies of the !Kung San (traditional foraging society, not sedentary), in which females were just as important as males in their culture. !Kung women controlled the food that they gathered, as well as any meat that was obtained through use of an arrow crafted by them. In a food foraging society, controlling the distribution of food is a definite sign of power. Digs have uncovered many clues about the origin of man, and how we can more accurately trace our lineage back to a common ancestor. I was unaware of the Austrolopithicus species, and thought that Lucy belonged to Homo. It is interesting to examine how the mechanisms of evolution. ..

Introduction to Rhetorical and Analytical Writing Essay - 2

Introduction to Rhetorical and Analytical Writing - Essay Example The society of America is amongst the most dynamic ones in the context of cross cultural individuals. It has for decades remained center of attention for people from different parts of the world, as a result bringing along different ethos, different norms, different personalities and other elements. This at times makes it difficult for smooth running and more often than not, conflicts and contrasts are seen with regard to their co existence. The movie overall shows local inhabitants how they are divided, fragmented within, then it shows people who have long settled in American society and how they undertaken their own existence. Another example presented is that of a American born Japanese origin individual and the identity crisis they are faced with. All relating to the social context of the American society and individual’s personality. The very first scene of the movie challenges the audience and invokes the questions of helplessness and fragmentation that the American society exhibits. The first scene of the movie sets a strong foundation for the overall theme of the movie and the future events that are to be followed. The movie has a clear purpose and objective to its making. It is one of those movies that carries the social and cultural meaning that needs to be conveyed to the masses. The movie has a message for gender equality, words against racial discrimination, and clear message against the ethnic conflict and the challenges that America faces in the light of cross cultural existence. The movie quite successfully addresses the problems faced and in a covert way presents them before the eyes of American citizens. It is in a way highlighting of the problems which in turn would enable overcoming these problems. The movie and its plot aims at highlighting the challenge of ethno centric approach that is carried by number of individuals in the American society. Parts of the movie depict the

Consensus on Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consensus on Global Warming - Essay Example This has introduced some new areas of debate which require a solid scientific intervention to achieve a consensus on the issue. What is the debate? The arguments that come for, and against the human role in the rising global warmth are interesting, and both have stringent views on the issue. Attributing the global warming to human actions Al Gore (6) states, â€Å"I have learned that, beyond death and taxes, there is at least one undisputable fact: Not only those human caused global warming exists, but it is also growing more and more dangerous, and at a pace that has now made it a planetary emergency.† On the other hand, a number of scientists accept the fact that our planet is becoming warmer; negate the human role in the issue. Especially, the last one and half-century has witnessed a quick rise in earth temperatures. However, they argue that the case against human activity is not supported by the solid scientific research. Hollander (66) narrates this sentiment in these wo rds, â€Å"However, the evidence of human contribution is, at best, suggestive. Hard evidence simply doesn’t exist.† The scientific proof that the global warming is caused and aggravated by human actions is considered inadequate and flimsy by these scientists, and they attribute this hype to various political reasons and natural phenomenon. History of consensus The issue does not have a long history of controversy and initially, there was more or less a state of consensus on the human contribution in the rising temperatures of the earth. Various studies conducted in early phase were either highly appreciated or went unopposed on scientific grounds. The best criticism on these papers was based on methodologies and research approaches that were adopted to ascertain the human contribution in global warming. More importantly none of these papers challenged the consensus on the issue. Even the special panels like Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and United Nation commissions on the issue reached the consensus that human activities may have an impact on the increasing global warming. Even not a single research paper between 1993 and 2003 had opposed the crux of the theory and human role in the growth and amplification of global warming. This decade long consensus is explored in detail by the Oreskes, â€Å"Of all the papers, 75% fell into the first three categories, either explicitly or implicitly accepting the consensus view; 25% dealt with methods or paleoclimate, taking no position on current anthropogenic climate change. Remarkably, none of the papers disagreed with the consensus position.† Conclusion It is can be deduced in the light of foregone that there is a partial scientific consensus on the issue of global warming. The gradual rise in the temperature of our native planet is scientifically proven and accepted. However, the role of human activity in the creation and escalation of this calamity is debatable.   The role of carbon dioxide, methane, Carbon Monoxide in the combustion of oxygen and the hazardous impact of this interplay of gases is beyond scientific perplexity. Scientists have also consensus on the impact of greenhouse effect on our soil. Only a small number of scientists disagree with the concept that the gases and fossils of human activity are a major source of this effect. These scientists argue that human contribution is negligibly small as far the impact on the greenhouse effect and ozone layer is concerned. There are other natural

Quantitative and Academic Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Quantitative and Academic Skills - Essay Example that are transferable and applicable to a current job/profession. In general, these skills are non-job specific skills which can be used in different occupations. By communicating the transferable skills effectively, one can enhance marketability and open themselves up to a larger sector of the job market. In very simple terms, transferable skills are skills which can be used in more than one setting. They can be â€Å"moved† or â€Å"transferred† from one setting to another. Transferable skills are not only gained in the workplace. They are also acquired by volunteering; by life experiences; by study or training or perhaps by being involved in an interest or hobby. In recent times however, rapid changes taking place in industry and the economy have dictated the need for a more adaptable and flexible workforce. These days, up-skilling and lifelong learning are the norm, and the ability to transfer this knowledge and these skills from one situation to another has become paramount. There is no doubt that much transferable skills development is already naturally taking place while in the schools and colleges. However, these tend to be the more â€Å"invisible† learning outcomes of academic life as transferable skills are still rarely explicitly taught or assessed (Curry, et al. 2003). The transferable skills that employers identify tend to be those that support organizational performance. They may be identified as follows: Interpersonal skills; Communication skills; Self-management skills; Intellectual skills. It is easy to identify occupationally relevant skills acquired through training and education but much more difficult to pinpoint transferable skills. For example, if we examine the Law Discipline, how law schools can assist their students to develop such skills as communication, problem solving, autonomy, teamwork, information technology, numeracy, and general intellectual skills, and to be able to present their achievements to

Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essay

Language Is A Cultural Factor Social Work Essay This essay will analyse how issues of race and culture are pertinent to mental health problems and to service responses to minority communities. However, other risk or causal factors will be considered which are essential in fully understanding diagnosis, access to services and outcomes of mental health issues including poverty, racism and violence against women. It appears that a combination of cultural, structural and individualist factors are linked to mental health issues and it will be highlight why an over focus on race and culture (without considering other factors) can be dangerous. Although individual factors will not be discussed in this essay, their importance must be emphasised. Personal elements intersect with other factors (structural and cultural) contributing to mental health problems. Individual factors on their own therefore are not enough but need to be considered in combination with cultural and structural factors. This can be linked to Thompsons PCS Model which looks at Personal, Cultural and Structural issues in terms of anti oppressive practice (Thompson, 1997). It cannot be ignored that issues of race and culture are extremely relevant when considering mental health. However, this essay views race as socially constructed, with little biological validity as a risk factor that fully explains inequalities in health (Bhui et al, 2005, p.496). What is more feasible and supported in studies such as the EMPIRIC study, is that race is a factor which can be a sociological risk to individuals which can be referred to as racial discrimination having the potential to result in lower self esteem, fewer opportunities, and stress leading to mental health problems (Bhui et al, 2005). In the UK racial discrimination does not just refer to the term race as skin colour but also incorporates cultural differences as well (Bhui et al, 2005). Therefore in this essay, when race is referred to as leading to mental health problems; it will be in terms of the explanation put forward previously. It appears that race and culture impact on diagnosis, access to services and outcomes. However, this view is based on research obtained in a short amount of time it was only in 1995 that observing different ethnic groups became obligatory in mental health services which are publically funded (Mind, 2012). However this view is disputed by Glove and Evison (2010) who argue that differences in the pattern of mental health care received by minority ethnic groups in England have been noted since the 1960s and widely debated since the 1980s. Irrespective of this dispute, both agree that research has identified differences between different ethnic groups in diagnosis, treatment and availability of services. A common identification in literature is that there are high rates of psychosis (for example schizophrenia) amongst African Caribbean men and apparently low rates of mental illness among South Asians (NCSR, 2002). Influential pieces of research identifying these differences include the Count Me In census which began in 2005 and was created in support of the Department of Healths five year plan Delivering Race and Equality in Mental Health Care (Mind, 2012). The ultimate aim was to reduce admission rates, detention and seclusion amongst black and minority ethnic groups (Mind, 2012). The census identifies that 22% of 30,500 individuals receiving in-patient care were from minority ethnic groups (CQC, 2010). It also highlights that black men are more likely to be detained under the Mental Health Act and that black and black/white mixed race men are three times more likely to be admitted to psychiatric wards and had the highest admission rate of all groups (Mind, 2012). CRITICISM The Fourth National Survey (FNS) of ethnic minorities supports this to an extent. It identifies higher rates of psychosis diagnosis amongst Black Caribbeans compared to white people (Mind, 2012). However, these differences are lower than previous studies have suggested. Studies undertaken prev iously have suggested psychosis occurs mostly amongst black Caribbean men however this study suggests higher rates amongst black Caribbean women (Mind, 2012). Despite these figures, findings have also suggested that Black African Caribbean and South Asian patients are less likely to have their mental health problems detected by a GP (The centre for Social Justice, 2011). Black men have been found to be more likely to be admitted to psychiatric units via the Criminal Justice System (CJS) (NMHDU, 2010). The Count Me in census highlighted that Black Caribbean, Black African and White/Black Caribbean mixed groups are between 40 and 60 per cent more likely to be admitted via the CJS (CQC, 2010). In contrast to this, findings from the census identify that admission rates among South Asian and Chinese groups have remained much lower (below average in many cases) (Care Quality Commission, 2011). This is interesting, as other research has indicated that some specific subgroups of South Asian women (ages 15-24) are at high risk of completed suicide (Raleigh, 1996). Therefore, why are they not getting the necessary support from mental health services ? The EMPIRIC study considers white people as a comparison with Bangladesh, Black Caribbean, Irish, Indian and Pakistani groups (Bhui et al, 2005). This study was undertaken in the community which is quite rare. It considers the impact of racial discrimination in the workplace (Bhui et al, 2005). The study identified that Black Caribbean people reported the highest amount of job denial and Pakistanis the highest level of insult (Bhui et al, 2005). Bangladeshi, White and Irish people were found to be less likely to report discrimination (Bhui et al, 2005). Discrimination in the workplace is common and is a risk factor for common mental disorders (Bhui et al, 2005). The differences between each group in terms of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) were small and there were some variations in terms of age and sex (Bhui et al, 2005). It found CMD were higher amongst Pakistani and Irish men ages 35-54 and higher rates amongst Indian and Pakistani women ages 55-74 (Weich et al, 2004). Common Menta l Disorders were found to be lower in Bangladeshi women than white women which is interesting considering this group has the highest level of socio economic deprivation and the accepted link between poverty and mental health (Weich et al, 2004). There were no differences in rates between Black Caribbean and White people despite them suffering the most job denial and this identifies differences to findings from other key studies which often identify higher rates of mental illness amongst black men in particular (Weich et al, 2004). Therefore this suggests this group may be more resilient or Black Caribbean people with CMD may have been excluded from jobs (Bhui et al, 2005). The EMPIRIC study actually identifies that Black Caribbean women had more CMD than Black Caribbean men (Bhui et al, 2005) and as findings from FNS also suggest an area of concern for this group, it appears further research should be undertaken. There are some criticisms on this study being that what is perceived a s racism does not always impact on current employment experiences (Bhui et al, 2005). It does not consider the fact that CMD may result in more people reporting racial discrimination (Bhui, 2005). More long term and qualitative studies may be beneficial in understanding the impact of racial discrimination (Bhui et al, 2005). However, studies undertaken late 1990s and early 2000 because there was a raise in concern regarding this issue (partially due tot the Rocky Bennett case) therefore the government commissioned this research due to these concerns. However, in recent years things have died down a bit therefore less research is being undertaken so knowledge is not developing and there is no funding available for researchers. Despite this, research already carried out seems to follow suite in identifying differences in the diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of mental health for ethnic groups, however these differences are not always on par with each other and identify differences in themselves as already stated (McLean et al, 2003). It is important to understand why variations do exist between ethnic groups in terms of mental health which will be the focus of the rest of this essay. It cannot be ignored that cultural factors undoubtedly play a role in the findings identified previously. Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups may speak in a way which is considered different to white British individuals or they may have dissimilar mannerisms. As a result, this may be interpreted wrongly which could subsequently lead to an incorrect diagnosis of mental health issues (Singh, 2006). As stated western psychiatrists are more likely to misinterpret behaviour and distress that is alien to them as psychosis (Singh, 2006). Individuals may be labelled as strange or unusual because of cultural traits (Singh, 2006). Thus, this identifies that a lack of understanding of cultural differences may impact on interpretations. However, no matter what cultural training people obtain, interpretations of behaviour are always going to vary as cultures are complex and continuously adapting. Another argument relating to race and culture and its link with mental health is that some cultural groups may not react to western-type methods of dealing with mental illness. For example, in Western society, psychiatry is viewed as an objective discipline and therefore the individual receiving the support/therapy is separated from the therapist (Fernando, 2004). It is likely that the therapist will not know the individual and will rarely have any physical contact with them. As put forward the therapist learns the treatment and applies it within the overall medical model of dealing with problems as individual illnesses, disorders or disturbances of what is assumed to be normal mental functioning (Fernando, 2004, p.121). This way of approaching mental health may be different to other cultures for example where more spiritual methods of healing may be used (Fernando, 2004). As a result, certain ethnic groups may not involve themselves in western methods for example going to see a Gene ral Practitioner (GP). Koffman et al (1997) found that in comparison to non-black groups, more black patients who had been admitted were not registered with a doctor. This may be a result of different cultural methods of healing in which western practices do not fit. However, culture should not be considered as stationary or immobile it does and can adapt and change. It is important to recognise that different cultures can begin to interlink with each other as cultures may react to the environment they are in contact with (MDAA, 2012). This identifies how it can be dangerous to focus too much on culture which I will look into further on in the essay. Language is a cultural factor which can impact on the right diagnosis and support for an individual: both diagnosis and treatment are handicapped if there is no common language between doctor and patient (Farooq and Fear, 2003, p.104). Even when an interpreter is involved, they may not be trained in psychiatry which can limit understanding and can have a negative impact on translation (Farooq and Fear, 2003). However, I would argue that at least if an interpreter is involved, they can bridge the language barrier to a significant extent. As argued patients in mental health services will experience a better quality of care when accessing interpreters (Costa, 2011). This is emphasised in the NICE Guidelines for GA, Schizophrenia, Depression and Dementia which puts forward that written material should be translated into different languages and interpreters should be used where appropriate (ref). A mental health professional that comes across a patient of a different culture, who speaks a different language, may not recognise the severity of their symptoms due to the cultural and language differences resulting in lack of support from services for example. Therefore if someone presents to their GP with symptoms these may be misinterpreted if an appropriate interpreter is not present. Therefore although many mental health settings may use interpreters regularly, others may not and the importance of this must be emphasised in order to work through issues of wrong diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of mental health. Although race and culture are evidently pertinent to mental health problems and service responses, it is necessary to consider other factors as an emphasis on cultural issues can sanitize or mask other issues (Chantler et al, 2002, p.649). It seems that mental health services are focusing on cultural differences and understanding cultural diversity in an attempt to overcome the differences in diagnosis and support for different ethnic groups. However, in their attempt to do this they may actually be ignoring other key issues thus potentially making the situation worse or at least maintaining it. Some argue that there is an urgent need to develop cultural competence among nurses and other care workers if they are to meet the needs of the diverse populations they serve (Papadopoulos, L and Tilki M and Lees S). However, professionals may not treat black people any differently just because they are trained to be culturally aware (Fernando, 2004). There are lots of references to cultural competence in the Department of Health and NHS. The government strategy No Health Without Mental Health which replaced New Horizons in 2011 seems to focus on culture but does not seem to acknowledge important links between race and mental health. It is well known that there is a significant link between poverty and mental health (Chantler, 2011). It appears that mental health social work is beginning to revolve around the bio medical model therefore social factors such as poverty are not focused on as much as they should (Chantler, 2011). It has been identified that social exclusion can often be a result of poverty as a lack of financial means results in the poorer sectors of society being unable to involve themselves in societal activities thus resulting in exclusion (Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011). Social exclusion/isolation can impact on mental health therefore poverty can be viewed as a risk factor for mental health problems (Chantler, 2011). Being in the lowest social class is often linked with poverty and this is something which spans across different ethnicities and cultures. Therefore white, working class members of society may experience mental health issues which are instigated as a result of poverty thus race and c ulture cannot be viewed as the only factors impacting on mental health other factors which can also impact on white sectors must be recognised. However, black and minority ethnic groups may find it more difficult to move into higher classes as a result of issues such as racism and discrimination thus may remain in low socioeconomic circumstances. This highlights a link between poverty and ethnicity and emphasises the concern that peoples race and culture may result in them being forced into situations which could increase their likelihood of mental distress. It appears that there are two main ways racism can impact on individuals health: the immediate psychological and physical impact and the result of which different races and cultures are not valued within society resulting in social exclusion and disadvantage (Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000). As argued racism, whether openly hostile or lurking in institutional cultures and practices, limits the opportunities and life choices individuals make (Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011, p.7). Therefore, certain people of certain races or cultures may feel more comfortable remaining in commun ities together due to racist discrimination or prejudice and as a result may not seek new life opportunities thus potentially remaining in poor socioeconomic circumstances as a result of this forced exclusion (Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011). Similarly, discrimination and racism may result in less support within education arenas and less opportunities to excel within employment circles (Gilchrist and Kyprianou, 2011). It has been recognised that unemployment has an impact on mental health (Meltzer et al, 1995). Findings from the Fourth National Survey identify that four fifths of Pakistani and Bangladesh respondents, two-fifths of Indian and Caribbean respondents and one third of Chinese had incomes lower than half the decided national average recognised as poverty (Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000). This compares to one in four white respondents. Thus, this may be the impact of racism, discrimination and disadvantage (Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000) Therefore there seems to be a vicious cycle wh ereby BME groups feel the impact of structural oppressions resulting in fewer opportunities to break away from factors which can lead to an increased risk of mental health problems, such as poverty. Therefore, arguably social exclusion, poverty and class could be reasons why there are higher levels of mental illness in some subcultures of South Asian women for example (Karlsen and Nazroo, 2000). The fact that communities stick together may result in further antagonism and segregation thus resulting in inappropriate support for mental health problems as outsiders may not want to intrude in these cultures they may take the attitude leave them to it which can be very dangerous. Therefore a combination of factors including class and poverty can emphasise mental health issues. It seems that the role of racism as a risk factor for mental health is being ignored or at least undermined by the coalition government. Although the No Health Without Mental Health strategy acknowledges the need to consider causal factors for mental health, it appears to neglect to discuss the pertinent issue of racism/institutional racism which can be viewed as a downfall in response (Watson, 2011). Therefore, it neglects significant links between race and mental health. This is emphasised in its a call to action document, which does not include any BME organisations (Vernon, 2011). Stereotyping of different groups refers to the discrimination of groups based on views they are certain way. So, South Asian groups may be viewed as having lots of family support and not believing in mental illness. This can be dangerous as it may result in services neglecting to offer support to certain races or cultures. Therefore, it appears that some mental health professionals may inherit views regarding racial stereotypes (Fernando, 2004). Another common racist stereotype is that black men are dangerous which again impacts on diagnosis and treatment. A well known example is that of Rocky Bennett. He was killed in 2004 in a medium secure psychiatric unit after being restrained by up to five nurses and an independent inquiry into this accepted that it was a result of institutional racism (Athwal, 2004). This is not a lone incident and has been recognised as an issue across mental health services. A concern which is shared by many including Richard Stone (a member of the Bennett i nquriy panel) and Errol Francis (a campaigner on black mental health) is that cultural/racial awareness training will not reduce institutional abuse, it must be acknowledged and then the behaviour of the professionals and workers needs to change (Athwal, 2004). Once understood and acknowledged, progress can be made to tackle and understand causes (McKenzie, 2007). McKenzie (2007) put forward concern that the importance of Delivering Race Equality would be undermined, which seems to have been the case in No Health without Mental Health as it does not seem to recognise the importance of racism as a risk factor for mental health and the impact it has on service responses (Watson, 2011). Watson (2011) argues that the impression given is that we are moving to a post-racial big society where state multiculturalism is expunged from British values and public consciousness Thus the link is being undermined and if this is the case it is unlikely changes will be made. Chantler et al (2002) undertook a ten month qualitative study with a group of South Asian women who are survivors of self harm or attempted suicide. It seems that survivors highlighted issues causing mental distress including immigration status, poverty, and domestic violence in their accounts however an over focus on cultural sensitivity by professionals and policy makers means that these factors often goes unrecognised (Chantler et al, 2002). Also, important to note is that there does not seem to be much research into the fact that if people are seeking asylum, there is a possibility that their mental health needs may be higher as a result of their experiences prior to migration (Chantler, 2011). As a result of lack of recognition, inappropriate or a lack of support was offered by services. The researchers found that the survivors who had been seeking asylum mentioned policies such as the one year rule as causing them distress and oppression as it meant they were trapped (often in an abusive relationship) for a long period of time without a chance of escape (Chantler et al, 2001). As stated, current immigration legislation strips South Asian women of the legal and personal support available to white British female citizens (Chantler et al, 2002). The survivors identified that they felt these policies ensured that all power was given to the man (Chantler et al, 2002). Policies implemented trying to overcome problems in services by employing South Asian workers needs to be looked into (Chantler et al, 2002). It seems that policy makers used cultural clashes as explanations as to why issues such as domestic violence, immigration issues and poverty were not highlighted (Chantler et al, 2002). Thus in models of mental health, factors such as immigration are neglected. Services claimed to be unable to meet their needs due to cultural conflict (Chantler et al, 2002). All but one of the survivors in the study had suffered domestic violence identifying the link between domestic violence, immigration status and suicide/self harm (Chantler, 2001). It is worth noting that refugees and asylum seekers may have experienced traumatic events before arriving in the UK such as war and poverty therefore they may have higher mental health needs because of their experiences this is not covered much in research and is something which may be beneficial in our understanding. Burman et al (2005) focuses primarily on domestic violence services with regards to African, African-Caribbean, South Asian, Jewish and Irish women, it became evident that culture was seen to be more important than dealing with domestic violence issues. Thus a focus on culture can be seen as an obstruction to offering the appropriate support (Burman, 2005). The study also identifies how other issues such as immigration policies prevent asylum seeking women from being able to leave abusive relationships therefore this needs to considered more (Burman, 2005). racialised dimensions of such policies heightens their exclusionary effects. The outcome of these findings suggests that there needs to be new ways of supporting women from minoritised groups suffering domestic violence (Burman, 2005). Criticisms of study? It seems that in favour of culture, gender issues such as violence against women are often ignored in relation to minority ethnicities (Chantler, 2002). Would this be the case if it were white women? What is interesting is that violence against women is considered a gender issue in relation to white women but is seen as a cultural issue in relation to South Asian women (Chantler et al, 2002). This is something which needs to be recognised and changed. Cultural factors need to be acknowledged to a degree and particularly in certain circumstances for example honour based violence, however it needs to be recognised that culture and race are not always at the forefront of issues. It is important to move away from a complete focus culture in many instances, and consider gender issues as well. Segregating women from minority groups from white women with regards to violence can lead to lack of support thus potentially resulting in self harm/attempted suicide amongst other issues, as a resul t of the mental distress. The research undertaken by Chantler et al (2001) and Burman (2005) highlight this. Conclusion: As a social worker it is important to recognise cultural differences and be open about culture so that interventions are not so difficult however, although being culturally aware is useful, it is impossible to recognise all factors as cultural as there are numerous different cultures which are constantly adapting. Also, as this essay has identified, an over focus on culture can be dangerous. It is important to be conscious of other risk/causal factors of mental health such as violence against women, class and immigration status. It is essential label or stereotype someone based on their race or culture but rather engage, empower and empathise with service users. As Chantlers 2001 study identified, regardless of a service users race or culture, they often just want someone to listen to them. Do not always presume it is about culture as policy has tended to do in recent years. It seems that a combination of structural, cultural and individual factors including gender, poverty and cultu re will enable a greater understanding of diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of mental health. Considering one without the other will limit understanding. Therefore, knowledge needs to be more nuanced. I am not undermining the importance of race and culture in relation to mental health and service responses, as I have acknowledged its importance in this essay. However, do not neglect other equally important factors. Also gender issues need to be considered for example domestic violence. Why is domestic violence considered cultural only when related to certain ethnicities e.g south Asian women SOME violence crimes are specific to certain cultures for example honour based violence, trafficking (UMHDU, 2010) However, all ethnicities within the uk experience gender based violence not just certain ethnic groups and evidence suggests that violence and abuse cause mental health issues (UMHDU, 2010). However it is sometimes only seen as a gender issue when it is white women suffering abuse. Seen as a cultural issue when minority ethnic group. Maybe it isnt a cultural issue but a gender issue Research by Chantler et al many women from different ethnicities dont mention culture/race in their study just mention abuse therefore maybe just need to consider this

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Property crimes are defined and categorised as household and vehicle theft, burglary, arson, theft including shoplifting, pick pocketing, bag snatching, graffiti and vandalism Violent crimes, being homicide, kidnapping/abduction, assault, sexual assault, stalking, domestic violence and child abuse against a person White-collar crimes defined as crimes or activities that include theft, fraud, deception, embezzlement harmful behaviours, environmental or health and safety hazards Internet crimes consisting of cyber-crimes, piracy, frauds, identity theft, cyber-stalk ing, computer hacking and hate/harmful speech and obscene imagery. What are property crimes, violent crimes, white of property crimes is breaking into a car and the stealing of a mobile phone, trespassing into a property to commit an offence or the setting of fire to property. Unlike Property crimes, violent crimes are committed against a person and as such explained as the indecent assault of a person/s against their will, taking a life with or without intent to kill, taking of a person against their will or threats, force or violence against person. In general there is no agreed definition for white-collar crime. Rather, the term covers a range of criminal activities or breach of regulatory activities undertaken by highly regarded professionals/educated professional in positions of trust such as employer provides inadequate working conditions causing serious personal injury to employees or company director misleads shareholders about its financials and continues to operate regardless of its inability to pay debt. Internet crime is explained as the unauthorised access of and taking of financial records or sabotage of a persons computer, illegal downloading of movies or songs and bogus websites set up to entice the unsuspecting person to give access to their personal details and accounts. How do we measure property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? We can measure detected and reported property crime via administrative data. Administrative data gives a high level of property crime reporting, mainly because there is less fear or shame from reporting of property crimes and also police reports are often required for insurance reporting requirements. Its limitation is it does not encompass undetected and unreported crime known as the ‘dark figure’ of crime (Coleman Moynihan, 1996). Detected and reported violent crime can be measured using administrative data. Violent crime can also be measured by victimization and researcher surveys where victims do not report crime for various reasons such as victims often knowing the offender and/or fear of reprisal. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Administrative data on crime victimisation can be derived from a number of sources including police, hospitals and community service agencies. Internet crimes have considerable lower reporting under administrative data due to the non detection or victims unaware they have been a victim of internet crime. We can measure internet crime by surveys such as victimization surveys or measurement against the ongoing extent of the crime. White-collar crime with the exception of fraud under criminal law is extremely difficult to measure due to the complexity of each crime/activity, some activities are regarded as regulatory and not criminal and the interpretations of a crime/activity can be perceived differently among victims. This type of crime/activity is generally picked up through regulatory audits, routine checks and investigation units such as specialized crime departments, police fraud or relevant regulators. Regardless of the different types of data and surveys available, no one reporting measure gives a true indicative picture of crime. How do we gather data on property crimes, violent crimes, white-collar crimes and Internet crimes? Reported property crime and violent crime data can be gathered by using official crime statistics, police reports, corrective service reports, higher, magistrates’ and children’s courts of Australia, reports and insurance reports. Undetected and unreported data for violent crime data can be gathered via qualitative methods and quantitative surveys. Some examples of such are The National Youth Survey, The Rand Tri-State Inmate Survey, The Liverpool Desistance Study, Snowball sampling, organizational and observational data. Researchers also gather data from past, present and/or incarcerated offenders as well as the general public which provide information not only about the prevalence of undetected and unreported crime but why people commit crimes. Gathering data on internet crime is difficult. Surveys such as the 2005 Australian computer crimes and security survey, conducted by AusCERT, Australian High Tech Crime Centre and various state, territory and federal police agencies provide an indicative sample. Researchers gather data from white-collar crimes through administrative data such as criminal fraud reports, victimization surveys, state and territory police agencies as well as the Australian Payments Clearing Association. Apart from fraud, gathering data on white-collar crime is extremely difficult as most victims don’t report. What crime/activities have occurred is gathered via reports from police and security agencies and government reports. Some activities are written off by the victim in the hope that the behaviour/incident is not repeated. What do we know about the typical offenders and victims of property crime, violent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime? There appears to be overwhelming evidence from research that supports the conclusion that age is a factor within property crime characteristics. There is a significantly higher representation that occurs in middle to late adolescence and subsides in early adulthood for property crime. This is thought to be associated with â€Å"adolescent rebelliousness†. An overlooked characteristic of youth is that they are also more likely, statistically, to be victims of crime. The majority of crime victims are male under the age of 25. This is different to the popular belief that would suggest otherwise. It is often perceived that older people have a greater risk however, surveys have identified that older people, and in particular women appear to be more fearful of crime not victims of crime. Violent crime has a gender differentiated nature. Data suggests that approximately 80% of crimes are committed by males and 90% of violent crimes are committed by males. This is supported by convictions and prison populations. To understand the victims, it needs to be broken down to more specific categories of violent crimes. For example, males tend to be victims of murder or attempted murder and assault, female are disproportionately represented as victims of sexual assault, kidnapping/abduction. Although males appear to be highly represented in both offenders and victim categories of violent crime, this does not appear to be the case within categories of white-collar crime such as fraud. The ratio of female offenders to male offenders is higher than that of any other category with ratio of two thirds male to one third female. There also appears to be an unusual relationship between repeat offenders and repeat victims. Many victims are victimised repeatedly. It is suggested that residencies with low occupation rates are often the target of repeat burglaries. Prison populations also suggest a disproportionately higher population of repeat offenders. There appears to be little data that describes the victims or offenders in relation to internet crime. However, it could be hypothesized that a great proportion of male offenders would also be represented within this category. How much property crime, violent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime is there in our community? Crime statistics for our local community has been drawn from Victorian Police region 4 statistics. Statistics for postcode 3129, within this region for 2008 and 2009 using per 100,000 population suggests property damage, theft of and from motor vehicles and residential burglary had reduced substantially but violent crimes including crimes against the person and assault had increased. Internet crimes and white-collar crimes were not available. Statistics for the state of Victoria indicated property crime such as robbery, burglary and theft or and from motor vehicles was down where as violent crimes such as assault had increased. Is property crime, violent crime, white-collar crime and Internet crime on the rise, is it stable or is it declining? Allowing for variations within reporting methods and survey results, there appears to be stable evidence that recorded crime statistics show property crime declining for recorded break and enter or burglary and other theft including pick pocketing, bag snatching, shoplifting and bicycle theft. There also appears to be an increase in motor vehicle theft between 1996 and 2001 followed by a decline from 2001-2008. Recording rates for other theft in 2008 as with previous years suggests that it remains the most commonly reported property crime. Violent crime statistics indicate assaults as the most recorded since 1996, kidnapping statistics fluctuated from 1996 – 2008, homicide statistics also fluctuated but continued to be the 2nd lowest recorded and although the least recorded, there has been an overall increase on sexual assault since 1996. CONCLUSION There appears to be no uniform measurement system for measuring crime. This leads to inconsistencies within the gathered data and the inability to compare between categories, regions and states. Notwithstanding the inaccuracies within the measurement system, property crime is largest represented category and at this stage internet crime has little representation within the data. Whilst we would love to agree with the typical media characterization of an offender, we cannot due to large variations within the data. However, we can suggest the most likely offender would be a young male adolescent committing a property crime. References Collins London and Glasgow (1990) The Collins Concise Dictionary Plus p. 299 Victoria Police News. My Police Crime Statistics for Your Area. Retrieved from icpolicenews. com. au/index. php? option=com_statisticstask=search Hennessey Hayes and Tim Prenzler (2009) An Introduction to Crime and Criminology 2nd Edition Pearson Education Australia Australian Institute of Criminology. Selected Crime Profiles. Retrieved from aic. gov. au/en/publications/current%20series/facts/1-20/2009/2%20selected%20crime%20profiles. aspx Last modified 18 August 2009 Australian Institute of Criminology. Recorded Crime. Retrieved from aic. gov. au/publications/current%20series/facts/1-20/2009/1%20recorded%20crime. aspx. Last modified 17 March 2010

Patient Surveys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Patient Surveys - Essay Example Patents also link their preferred outcomes to the quality of care. According to Rosswurm and Larrabee, they initiated a change model that aims at guiding the nurses through various systematic processes for the change to evidence based practices. This model is important for nurses with an aim of facilitating change since the model recognizes the transformation of research into practice (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999). However, it requires the use of standardized nomenclature. The nurses require skills and resources that usually appraise and diffuse useful evidence in the practice. Patient’s outcomes usually reflect discipline and accountabilities. At this phase of the model, it focuses on the evidence that supports the use of warning in scoring systems and the communication triggers to guide the nurses in critical decision-making process (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999). According to this case, it is important to, effectively assess the situation whereby nurses should examine the importance of surveys on the improve the patient care. This should rely on the fact that patients have an idea on healthcare programs and also ensure that they do not give responses based on their personal preferences. The process of standardized nursing classification system and nomenclature are expected to determine the problem in the survey. In this case, when the survey is conducted in an accurate manner, the patient’s survey can provide health care organization with information (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999). This also focuses on what patients think about the attention they are given at health institutions. It is evident that the desired outcomes of healthcare recognition, focus on early signs and alteration of health care deterioration by the patients. At this phase, the organized strategy guides the nursing literature, and the team read and critically reviewed, and the evidence is weighed in conjunction to the clinical researches (Rosswurm and Larrabee,

The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society Essay - 1

The Role of Accounting on Business and Our Society - Essay Example It entails the earnings from provision of goods and services less the cost incurred in providing those goods and services. Thirdly, the statement of owner’s equity reports on the activities of shareholders during a given period of time. It shows how much the business received from shareholders and how much went back to them in terms of dividends. It shows the portion of a business entity’s earnings that goes to shareholders, thus the reference to it as a statement of retained earnings by some companies. Finally, the cash flow statement shows sources of cash during a given period of time and its uses. To me, the income statement is the most important. This statement shows how much a business entity earns within a given period of time (Gibson, 2012). Of course, businesses are established with the purpose of making profits and creating wealth for its shareholders according to Mittal and Singal (2007). Therefore, if a business posts losses on this statement, it does not serve the purpose for its existence and should be wound up. However, if it records profits, then the venture is sustainable and meets the intended objective. 2. An accountant would be that person with a bachelor’s degree specialised in accounting or any specialisation in finance. At times, an accountant would be that person who has gained experience dealing with financial matters over time. The roles of search persons have historically been bookkeeping. They prepare financial records and maintain them. With additional professional certification, then such an accountant would qualify as a certified public accountant, CPA (Walker, 2012). This comes with greater roles as CPAs conduct financial audits thus fostering transparency and accountability. Such a person holds public trust and should be fact-based, non-ideological and nonpartisan. The arguments for accounting include its role in giving objective and unbiased information on the